Cholera
Several cholera vaccines were invented worldwide, including Haffkine’s vaccine trials in India in 1893, and his heat-killed vaccine in 1911. In 1927, Alexandre Besredka’s oral bilivaccine was tested in India and China alongside an injected vaccine. From 1943 until her retirement in 1971, Dr. Margaret Pittman worked to assess the efficacy of and establish national and international standards for the production of the cholera vaccine.
Cholera has existed since at least 500 B.C. and is a bacterial disease transmitted in water or food contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Symptoms typically include diarrhea and vomiting and can be mild or fatal.
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