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Dosage. Army doctors dispensed the Atabrine at the same dose levels they had used for quinine. In the 1940s, however, a new method of dose-setting was coming into vogue, and one of the biggest proponents of what was called the "New Pharmacology" was Dr. James Shannon. At Goldwater, he put Drs. Brodie and Udenfriend on the problem of re-setting the dosage for Atabrine, using this new approach.

First, the scientists had to find a way to measure the concentration of the drug in the blood. Second, they had to figure out what blood concentration would yield the desired result. And third, they had to set a dosage schedule to maintain that desired blood level.

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Goldwater Memorial Hospital in New York was the focus of antimalarial drug research during World War II. Dr. James A. Shannon led the group, which included Drs. Bernard Brodie, Sidney Udenfriend, and Robert Berliner, and future Nobel Prize winner Julius Axelrod. Dr. Robert Bowman came to Goldwater after the war.

Goldwater Memorial Hospital opened in 1939 as the first public hospital in America devoted solely to the treatment of chronic diseases. In 1942 it became the focal point for a national campaign to develop a new treatment for malaria-one of the most significant medical problems for the Allies in World War II. During the war, in the basement of Goldwater's Building D, were assembled what has been called "the workings of elite science", the scientists who would go on to develop many of the great biomedical research advances in the postwar era.

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The National Heart Institute (NHI), one of the NIH's first institutes, was founded on June 16, 1948, to develop expertise in heart disease research and cardiovascular disease. The institute transfers basic science knowledge to physicians in the hopes of fighting diseases. In 1949 Dr. Shannon became director of the laboratories and clinics of the newly created NHI. He recruited many of his best researchers from Goldwater, including Drs. Bowman, Brodie, Udenfriend, and Berliner.

The National Heart Institute fostered collaboration among researchers, doctors, and scientists. Ideally, such interaction could accelerate the transfer of basic science knowledge to practicing physicians for the patient's benefit. A key component in this process was the Laboratory of Technical Development, where Dr. Bowman did his research.

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