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There are two major goals of this history: to document the events and conditions that led to the creation of one of the first grayscale image processors, and to describe the highly effective complementary collaboration that allowed alloAsilomar Third Engineering Foundation Conference on Automated Cytologywed this project to flourish. Occasionally, references will be made to other later advances indirectly related to the RTPP work that would not have happened without the RTPP. Where possible, we have linked to open access journal PDFs, and have included PDFs of the key technical reports describing the RTPP on this Web site.

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The design of the RTPP was presented at the 1973 Asilomar Third Engineering Foundation Conference on Automated Cytology  and published in 1974 [3-4]. This conference and a subsequent automated cytology workshop concentrated on the two solutions then available: image processing and pattern recognition of cell images, and the evolving field of flow cytometry. NIH was funding both fields. During this time we developed plans for integrating artificial intelligence techniques for understanding and analyzing biological materials and systems incorporating the RTPP, and these were also presented at the Asilomar workshop [5, TR-15].

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   Lipkin66 Lipkin66

   Lipkin, L.E., Watt, W.C., Kirsch, R.A.: The analysis, synthesis, and description of biological images. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 128(3): 984-1012, 1966.

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   Lipkin74 Lipkin74

   Lipkin, L.E., Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G.: Automated autoradiographic grain counting in human determined context. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 755-765, 1974. (PDF )

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   RTPP-JHC-I-paper RTPP-JHC-I-paper

   Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M., Kaiser, P.: A real time picture processor for use in biologic cell identification. I. System design. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 725-731, 1974. (PDF )

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   RTPP-JHC-II-paper RTPP-JHC-II-paper

   Carman, G., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M., Kaiser, P.: A real time picture processor for use in biologic cell identification. II. Hardware implementation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 732-740, 1974. (PDF )

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   PRDL-ECR-paper PRDL-ECR-paper

   Shapiro, B., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: The application of artificial intelligence techniques to biologic cell identification. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 741-750, 1974. (PDF )

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   Schultz74 Schultz74

   Schultz, M.L., Lipkin, L.E., Wade, M.J., Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G.M.: High resolution shading correction. J. Histochem. Cytochem.22(7): 751-754, 1974. (PDF )

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   Shapiro71 Shapiro71

   Shapiro, H.M., Bryan, S.D., Lipkin, L.E., Stein, P.G., Lemkin, P.F.: Computer-aided microspectrophotometry of biological specimens. Exp Cell Res. 67(1): 81-89, 1971.

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   Lemkin79a Lemkin79a

   Lemkin, P.F.: The boundary trace transform: An edge and region enhancement transform. Comp. Graphics Image Processing 9: 150-165, 1979.

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   Lemkin80a Lemkin80a

   Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Merril, C., Shiffrin, S.: Protein abnormalities in macrophages bearing asbestos. Environ. Health Perspect. 34: 5-89, 1980. (PDF)

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    Lemkin80b Lemkin80b

    Lipkin, L.E.: Cellular effects of asbestos and other fibers: correlations with in vivo induction of pleural sarcoma. Environ. Health Perspect. 34:91-102, 1980. (PDF)

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    Lemkin79b Lemkin79b

    Lemkin, P.F.: An approach to region splitting. Comp. Graphics Image Processing 10: 281-288, 1979.

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    Lemkin79c Lemkin79c

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: Use of the positive difference transform for RBC elimination in bone marrow smear images. Anal. Quant. Cytol. 1(1): 67-76, 1979.

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    Lemkin79d Lemkin79d

    Lemkin, P.F., Merril, C., Lipkin, L., Van Keuren, M., Oertel, W., Shapiro, B., Wade, M., Schultz, M., Smith, E.: Software aids for the analysis of 2D gel electrophoresis images. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 517-544, 1979.

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    Lemkin80c Lemkin80c

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Cooper, H.L., Lipkin, L.E.: Computer-assisted analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin. Chem. 26: 1392-1402, 1980. (PDF )

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    Lemkin80d Lemkin80d

    Lipkin, L.E., Lemkin, P.F.: Data base techniques for multiple PAGE (2D gel) analysis. Clin. Chem. 26: 1403-1413, 1980. (PDF )

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    Lemkin81a Lemkin81a

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. I. Segmentation and preliminaries. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 272-297, 1981.

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    Lemkin81b Lemkin81b

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. II. Spot pairing. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 355-380, 1981.

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    Lemkin81c Lemkin81c

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. III. Multiple gel analysis. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 407-446, 1981.

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    Lemkin81d Lemkin81d

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: New dimensions in protein analysis - 2D gels coming of age through Image Processing. Anal. Chem. 53: 390A-397A, 1981.

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    Lemkin81e Lemkin81e

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E., Cooper, H.L.: A two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of protein synthesis in resting and growing lymphocytes in vitro. J. Immunol. 126: 1428-1434, 1981.

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    Lemkin82a Lemkin82a

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E., Lester, E.P.: Some extensions to the GELLAB 2D electrophoresis gel analysis system. Clin. Chem. 28: 840-849, 1982. (PDF )

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    Lester82a Lester82a

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: A two-dimensional gel analysis of autologous T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Clin. Chem.28: 828-839, 1982. (PDF )

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    Lester82b Lester82b

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lowery, J.F., Lipkin, L.E.: Human leukemias: A preliminary 2D electrophoretic analysis. Electrophoresis 3: 364-375, 1982.

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    Howard83 Howard83

    Howard, R.J., Aley, S.B., Lemkin, P.F.: High resolution comparison of Plasmodium Knowlesi clones of different variant antigen phenotypes by 2D gel electrophoresis and computer analysis. Electrophoresis 4: 420-427, 1983.

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    Lemkin83a Lemkin83a

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: 2D Electrophoresis gel data base analysis: Aspects of data structures and search strategies in GELLAB. Electrophoresis 4: 71-81, 1983.

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    Lester83a Lester83a

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: States of differentiation in leukemias: A 2D gel analysis. In Rowley, J. D. and Ultmann, J. E. (Eds.): Proceedings of 5th Annual Bristol Myers Symposium on Cancer Research. Chromosomes and Cancer: From Molecules to Man. New York, Academic Press, 1983, pp. 226-245.

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    Lemkin84a Lemkin84a

    Lemkin, P.F., Sonderegger, P., Lipkin, L.: Identification of coordinate pairs of polypeptides: A technique for screening of putative precursor product pairs in 2D gels.Clin. Chem. 30: 1965-1971, 1984. (PDF )

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    Lester84a Lester84a

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P F., Lipkin, L.E.: Protein indexing in leukemias and lymphomas. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 428: 158-172, 1984.

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    Sonderegger85 Sonderegger85

    Sonderegger, P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Nelson, P.: Differential modulation of the expression of axonal proteins by non-neuronal cells and the peripheral and central nervous system. EMBO J. 4: 1395-1401, 1985. (PDF)

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    Lemkin81f Lemkin81f

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: GELLAB: Multiple 2D electrophoretic gel analysis. In Allen, R. and Arnaud (Eds.): Electrophoresis '81. New York, W. De Gruyter, 1981, pp. 401-411.

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    Lemkin83b Lemkin83b

    Lemkin, P.F. , Lipkin, L.E.: Database techniques for 2D electrophoretic gel analysis. In Geisow, M. and Barrett, A. (Eds.): Computing in Biological Science. North Holland, Elsevier, 1983, pp. 181-226.

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    Lester84a Lester84a

    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F.: A 'GELLAB' computer assisted 2D gel analysis of states of differentiation in hematopoietic cells. In Neuhoff, V. (Ed.): Electrophoresis '84. Chemie, Springer-Verlag, 1984, pp. 309-311.

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    Lemkin79d Lemkin79d

    Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Lipkin, L., Maizel, J., Sklansky, J., Schultz, M.: Preprocessing of electron micrographs of nucleic acid molecules for automatic analysis by computer. II. Noise removal and gap filling. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 615-630, 1979.

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    Lipkin79b Lipkin79b

    Lipkin, L., Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Sklansky, J.: Preprocessing of electron micrographs of nucleic acid molecules for automatic analysis by computer. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 279-289, 1979.

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    Shapiro77a Shapiro77a

    Shapiro, B., Lipkin L.: The circle transform, an articulable shape descriptor. Comput. Biomed. Res. 10: 511-28, 1977.

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    Shapiro77b Shapiro77b

    Shapiro, B.: Language processor generation with BNF inputs: methods and implementation. Comp. Programs. Biomedicine 7:85-98, 1977.

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    Shapiro79a Shapiro79a

    Shapiro, B., Pisa, J., Sklansky, J.: Skeletons from sequential boundary data. Proc. Intl. Conf. On Pattern Recognition and Image Processing. IEEE Comp. Soc. Press, Los Angeles, CA., 265-270, 1979.

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    Shapiro81a Shapiro81a

    Shapiro, B., Pisa, J., Sklansky, J.: Skeleton generation from xy boundary sequences. Comp. Vision Graphics Image Processing 15(2) 136-153, 1981.

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    Shapiro79b Shapiro79b

    Shapiro, B.S., Lipkin, L.E., Maizel, J.V.: Computerized generation of secondary structure maps for nucleic acids. Comp. Biomed. Res.12(6):545-568, 1979.

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    BMON2-CPIB-paper BMON2-CPIB-paper

    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: BMON2 - A distributed monitor system for biological image processing. Computer Programs in Biomedicine 11: 21-42, 1980. (PDF)Reprinted from COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE, Vol 11, Lemkin PD and LipkinL, BMON2 - A distributed monitor system for biological image processing, Pages 21-42, Copyright (1980), with permission from Elsevier.

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    Lipkin70 Lipkin70

    Lipkin, B.S., Rosenfeld, A. (Eds): Picture Processing and Psychopictorics. Academic Press, New York, 1970, pps 526.

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    Lipkin89g Lipkin89g

    Lemkin, P.F.: GELLAB-II: A workstation based 2D electrophoresis gel analysis system. In Endler, T. and Hanash, S. (Eds.): Proceedings of 2D Electrophoresis. West Germany, VCH Press, 1989, pp. 52-57. (This was the announcement of GELLAB-II)

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    Lipkin89h Lipkin89h

    Lemkin, P.F., Lester, E.P.: Database and search techniques for 2D gel protein data: A comparison of paradigms for exploratory data analysis and prospects for biological modeling. Electrophoresis 10(2): 122-140, 1989.

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    Robinson95 Robinson95

    Robinson, M.K., Myrick, J.E., Henderson, L.O., Coles, C.D., Powell, M.K., Orr, G.A., Lemkin, P.F.: Two-dimensional protein electrophoresis and multiple hypothesis testing to detect potential serum protein biomarkers in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Electrophoresis 16: 1176-1183, 1995.

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    Stoeckli89 Stoeckli89

    Stoeckli, E.T., Lemkin, P.F., Kuhn, T.B., Ruegg, M.A., Heller, M., Sonderegger, P.: Identification of proteins secreted from axons of embryonic dorsal-root-ganglia neurons. Eur. J. Biochem. 180: 249-258, 1989.

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    Lemkin00a Lemkin00a

    Lemkin, P.F., Thornwall, G., Walton, K., Hennighausen, L: The Microarray Explorer tool for data mining of cDNA microarrays - application for the mammary gland, Nucleic Acids Res. 20(22): 4452-4459, 2000.

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    Shapiro88 Shapiro88

    Shapiro, B.A.: An algorithm for comparing multiple RNA secondary structures. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4(3): 387-393, 1988.

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    Margalit89 Margalit89

    Margalit, H., Shapiro, B.A., Oppenheim, A.B., Maizel, J.V. Jr.: Detection of common motifs in RNA secondary structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 17(12): 4829-4845, 1989.

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    Le89 Le89

    Le, S.Y., Owens, J., Nussinov, R., Chen, J.H., Shapiro, B., Maizel, J.V.: RNA secondary structures: comparison and determination of frequently recurring substructures by consensus. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5(3): 205-210, 1989.

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    Shapiro96 Shapiro96

    Shapiro, B.A., Kasprzak, W.: STRUCTURELAB: a heterogeneous bioinformatics system for RNA structure analysis. J Mol. Graph.14(4): 194-205, 222-224, 1996.

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