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The National Cancer Institute Real Time Picture Processor

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This history was compiled by Peter Lemkin with interviews, recollections, and content from Lewis Lipkin, George Carman, Bruce Shapiro, and Morton Shultz and some of the users (Carl Merril, Peter Sonderegger, Eric Lester). It could not have been done without everyone's input, which is reflected throughout the history. See the Acknowledgements for additional credits and information on online reference material donated as part of this history.

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    Lipkin66
    Lipkin66
    Lipkin, L.E.
    , Watt, W.C., Kirsch, R.A.: The analysis, synthesis, and description of biological images. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 128(3): 984-1012, 1966.
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    Lipkin74
    Lipkin74
    Lipkin, L.E., Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G.: Automated autoradiographic grain counting in human determined context. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 755-765, 1974. (PDF)
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    RTPP-JHC-I-paper
    RTPP-JHC-I-paper
    Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M., Kaiser, P.: A real time picture processor for use in biologic cell identification. I. System design. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 725-731, 1974. (PDF)
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    RTPP-JHC-II-paper
    RTPP-JHC-II-paper
    Carman, G., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M., Kaiser, P.: A real time picture processor for use in biologic cell identification. II. Hardware implementation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 732-740, 1974. (PDF)
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    PRDL-ECR-paper
    PRDL-ECR-paper
    Shapiro, B., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: The application of artificial intelligence techniques to biologic cell identification. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22(7): 741-750, 1974. (PDF)
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    Schultz74
    Schultz74
    Schultz, M.L., Lipkin, L.E., Wade, M.J., Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G.M.: High resolution shading correction. J. Histochem. Cytochem.22(7): 751-754, 1974. (PDF)
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    Shapiro71
    Shapiro71
    Shapiro, H.M., Bryan, S.D., Lipkin, L.E., Stein, P.G., Lemkin, P.F.: Computer-aided microspectrophotometry of biological specimens. Exp Cell Res. 67(1): 81-89, 1971.
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    Lemkin79a
    Lemkin79a
    Lemkin, P.F.: The boundary trace transform: An edge and region enhancement transform. Comp. Graphics Image Processing 9: 150-165, 1979.
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    Lemkin80a
    Lemkin80a
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Merril, C., Shiffrin, S.: Protein abnormalities in macrophages bearing asbestos. Environ. Health Perspect. 34: 5-89, 1980. (PDF)
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    Lemkin80b
    Lemkin80b
    Lipkin, L.E.: Cellular effects of asbestos and other fibers: correlations with in vivo induction of pleural sarcoma. Environ. Health Perspect. 34:91-102, 1980. (PDF)
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    Lemkin79b
    Lemkin79b
    Lemkin, P.F.: An approach to region splitting. Comp. Graphics Image Processing 10: 281-288, 1979.
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    Lemkin79c
    Lemkin79c
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: Use of the positive difference transform for RBC elimination in bone marrow smear images. Anal. Quant. Cytol. 1(1): 67-76, 1979.
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    Lemkin79d
    Lemkin79d
    Lemkin, P.F., Merril, C., Lipkin, L., Van Keuren, M., Oertel, W., Shapiro, B., Wade, M., Schultz, M., Smith, E.: Software aids for the analysis of 2D gel electrophoresis images. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 517-544, 1979.
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    Lemkin80c
    Lemkin80c
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Cooper, H.L., Lipkin, L.E.: Computer-assisted analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin. Chem. 26: 1392-1402, 1980. (PDF)
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    Lemkin80d
    Lemkin80d
    Lipkin, L.E., Lemkin, P.F.: Data base techniques for multiple PAGE (2D gel) analysis. Clin. Chem. 26: 1403-1413, 1980. (PDF)
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    Lemkin81a
    Lemkin81a
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. I. Segmentation and preliminaries. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 272-297, 1981.
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    Lemkin81b
    Lemkin81b
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. II. Spot pairing. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 355-380, 1981.
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    Lemkin81c
    Lemkin81c
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: GELLAB: A computer system for 2D gel electrophoresis analysis. III. Multiple gel analysis. Comput. Biomed. Res. 14: 407-446, 1981.
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    Lemkin81d
    Lemkin81d
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: New dimensions in protein analysis - 2D gels coming of age through Image Processing. Anal. Chem. 53: 390A-397A, 1981.
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    Lemkin81e
    Lemkin81e
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E., Cooper, H.L.: A two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of protein synthesis in resting and growing lymphocytes in vitro. J. Immunol. 126: 1428-1434, 1981.
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    Lemkin82a
    Lemkin82a
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E., Lester, E.P.: Some extensions to the GELLAB 2D electrophoresis gel analysis system. Clin. Chem. 28: 840-849, 1982. (PDF)
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    Lester82a
    Lester82a
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: A two-dimensional gel analysis of autologous T and B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Clin. Chem.28: 828-839, 1982. (PDF)
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    Lester82b
    Lester82b
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lowery, J.F., Lipkin, L.E.: Human leukemias: A preliminary 2D electrophoretic analysis. Electrophoresis 3: 364-375, 1982.
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    Howard83
    Howard83
    Howard, R.J., Aley, S.B., Lemkin, P.F.: High resolution comparison of Plasmodium Knowlesi clones of different variant antigen phenotypes by 2D gel electrophoresis and computer analysis. Electrophoresis 4: 420-427, 1983.
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    Lemkin83a
    Lemkin83a
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: 2D Electrophoresis gel data base analysis: Aspects of data structures and search strategies in GELLAB. Electrophoresis 4: 71-81, 1983.
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    Lester83a
    Lester83a
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: States of differentiation in leukemias: A 2D gel analysis. In Rowley, J. D. and Ultmann, J. E. (Eds.): Proceedings of 5th Annual Bristol Myers Symposium on Cancer Research. Chromosomes and Cancer: From Molecules to Man. New York, Academic Press, 1983, pp. 226-245.
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    Lemkin84a
    Lemkin84a
    Lemkin, P.F., Sonderegger, P., Lipkin, L.: Identification of coordinate pairs of polypeptides: A technique for screening of putative precursor product pairs in 2D gels.Clin. Chem. 30: 1965-1971, 1984. (PDF)
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    Lester84a
    Lester84a
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P F., Lipkin, L.E.: Protein indexing in leukemias and lymphomas. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 428: 158-172, 1984.
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    Sonderegger85
    Sonderegger85
    Sonderegger, P., Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L., Nelson, P.: Differential modulation of the expression of axonal proteins by non-neuronal cells and the peripheral and central nervous system. EMBO J. 4: 1395-1401, 1985. (PDF)
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    Lemkin81f
    Lemkin81f
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.E.: GELLAB: Multiple 2D electrophoretic gel analysis. In Allen, R. and Arnaud (Eds.): Electrophoresis '81. New York, W. De Gruyter, 1981, pp. 401-411.
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    Lemkin83b
    Lemkin83b
    Lemkin, P.F. , Lipkin, L.E.: Database techniques for 2D electrophoretic gel analysis. In Geisow, M. and Barrett, A. (Eds.): Computing in Biological Science. North Holland, Elsevier, 1983, pp. 181-226.
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    Lester84a
    Lester84a
    Lester, E.P., Lemkin, P.F.: A 'GELLAB' computer assisted 2D gel analysis of states of differentiation in hematopoietic cells. In Neuhoff, V. (Ed.): Electrophoresis '84. Chemie, Springer-Verlag, 1984, pp. 309-311.
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    Lemkin79d
    Lemkin79d
    Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Lipkin, L., Maizel, J., Sklansky, J., Schultz, M.: Preprocessing of electron micrographs of nucleic acid molecules for automatic analysis by computer. II. Noise removal and gap filling. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 615-630, 1979.
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    Lipkin79b
    Lipkin79b
    Lipkin, L., Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Sklansky, J.: Preprocessing of electron micrographs of nucleic acid molecules for automatic analysis by computer. Comput. Biomed. Res. 12: 279-289, 1979.
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    Shapiro77a
    Shapiro77a
    Shapiro, B., Lipkin L.: The circle transform, an articulable shape descriptor. Comput. Biomed. Res. 10: 511-28, 1977.
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    Shapiro77b
    Shapiro77b
    Shapiro, B.: Language processor generation with BNF inputs: methods and implementation. Comp. Programs. Biomedicine 7:85-98, 1977.
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    Shapiro79a
    Shapiro79a
    Shapiro, B., Pisa, J., Sklansky, J.: Skeletons from sequential boundary data. Proc. Intl. Conf. On Pattern Recognition and Image Processing. IEEE Comp. Soc. Press, Los Angeles, CA., 265-270, 1979.
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    Shapiro81a
    Shapiro81a
    Shapiro, B., Pisa, J., Sklansky, J.: Skeleton generation from xy boundary sequences. Comp. Vision Graphics Image Processing 15(2) 136-153, 1981.
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    Shapiro79b
    Shapiro79b
    Shapiro, B.S., Lipkin, L.E., Maizel, J.V.: Computerized generation of secondary structure maps for nucleic acids. Comp. Biomed. Res.12(6):545-568, 1979.
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    BMON2-CPIB-paper
    BMON2-CPIB-paper
    Lemkin, P.F., Lipkin, L.: BMON2 - A distributed monitor system for biological image processing. Computer Programs in Biomedicine 11: 21-42, 1980. (PDF)Reprinted from COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE, Vol 11, Lemkin PD and LipkinL, BMON2 - A distributed monitor system for biological image processing, Pages 21-42, Copyright (1980), with permission from Elsevier.
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    Lipkin70
    Lipkin70
    Lipkin, B.S., Rosenfeld, A. (Eds): Picture Processing and Psychopictorics. Academic Press, New York, 1970, pps 526.
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    Lipkin89g
    Lipkin89g
    Lemkin, P.F.: GELLAB-II: A workstation based 2D electrophoresis gel analysis system. In Endler, T. and Hanash, S. (Eds.): Proceedings of 2D Electrophoresis. West Germany, VCH Press, 1989, pp. 52-57. (This was the announcement of GELLAB-II)
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    Lipkin89h
    Lipkin89h
    Lemkin, P.F., Lester, E.P.: Database and search techniques for 2D gel protein data: A comparison of paradigms for exploratory data analysis and prospects for biological modeling. Electrophoresis 10(2): 122-140, 1989.
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    Robinson95
    Robinson95
    Robinson, M.K., Myrick, J.E., Henderson, L.O., Coles, C.D., Powell, M.K., Orr, G.A., Lemkin, P.F.: Two-dimensional protein electrophoresis and multiple hypothesis testing to detect potential serum protein biomarkers in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Electrophoresis 16: 1176-1183, 1995.
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    Stoeckli89
    Stoeckli89
    Stoeckli, E.T., Lemkin, P.F., Kuhn, T.B., Ruegg, M.A., Heller, M., Sonderegger, P.: Identification of proteins secreted from axons of embryonic dorsal-root-ganglia neurons. Eur. J. Biochem. 180: 249-258, 1989.
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    Lemkin00a
    Lemkin00a
    Lemkin, P.F., Thornwall, G., Walton, K., Hennighausen, L: The Microarray Explorer tool for data mining of cDNA microarrays - application for the mammary gland, Nucleic Acids Res. 20(22): 4452-4459, 2000.
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    Shapiro88
    Shapiro88
    Shapiro, B.A.: An algorithm for comparing multiple RNA secondary structures. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4(3): 387-393, 1988.
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    Margalit89
    Margalit89
    Margalit, H., Shapiro, B.A., Oppenheim, A.B., Maizel, J.V. Jr.: Detection of common motifs in RNA secondary structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 17(12): 4829-4845, 1989.
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    Le89
    Le89
    Le, S.Y., Owens, J., Nussinov, R., Chen, J.H., Shapiro, B., Maizel, J.V.: RNA secondary structures: comparison and determination of frequently recurring substructures by consensus. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 5(3): 205-210, 1989.
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    Shapiro96
    Shapiro96
    Shapiro, B.A., Kasprzak, W.: STRUCTURELAB: a heterogeneous bioinformatics system for RNA structure analysis. J Mol. Graph.14(4): 194-205, 222-224, 1996.

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These reports were archived in the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in Springfield VA. They currently offer online reports from 1990 on their web site http://www.ntis.gov/, although older reports can be ordered. Some additional reports appeared as University of Maryland Computer Science Center technical reports.

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    TR-2-report
    TR-2-report
    TR-2. Lemkin, P.F.: DDTG - Functional specification for the RTPP monitor. NCI/IP TR-2, 2-5-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB250726/AS, Springfield, VA, 1976, 90 pp. (Also in DECUS No. 8-823). (PDF)
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    TR-7-report
    TR-7-report
    TR-7. Lemkin, P.F., Carman, G., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M.: Real time picture processor: Description and specification. NCI/IP TR-7, 2-31-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB252268/AS, Springfield, VA, 1976, 139 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-7a-report
    TR-7a-report
    TR-7a. Lemkin, P.F.: Real Time Picture Processor: Description and specification. TR-7a, 6-23-1977. NTIS Accession No. PB269600/AS, Springfield, VA, 1977, 185 pp. (PDF TR-7a)
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    TR-8-report
    TR-8-report
    TR-8. Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Gordon, R., Lipkin, L.: PROC10 - An image processing system for the PDP10: Description and specification. NCI/IP TR-8, 12-16-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB261535/AS. Springfield, Va., 1976, 53 pp. (Also in DECUS No. 10-270). (PDF)
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    TR-15-report
    TR-15-report
    TR-15. Shapiro, B., Lemkin, P.F.: PRDL - Procedural Description Language. NCI/IP TR-15, 10-10-1977. NTIS Accession No. PB273112/AS Springfield, Va., 1977, 23 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-16-report
    TR-16-report
    TR-16. Lemkin, P.F., Shapiro, B., Schultz, M., Lipkin, L., Carman, G.: GPPASM - A PDP8e assembler for the General Picture Processor. NCI/IP TR-16, 12-15-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB261537/AS, Springfield, VA, 1976, 45 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-21-report
    TR-21-report
    TR-21. Lemkin, P.F.: Buffer memory monitor system for interactive image processing. NCI/IP TR-21, 3-31-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB261536/AS, Springfield, VA, 1976, 26 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-21b-report
    TR-21b-report
    TR21-b. Lemkin, P.F.: BMON2 - buffer memory monitor system for interactive image processing. NCI/IP TR-21b, 3-17-1978. NTIS Accession No. PB269642/AS, Springfield, VA, 1978, 112 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-22-report
    TR-22-report
    TR-22. Carman, G., Lemkin, P.F., Schultz, M., Lipkin, L., Shapiro, B.: Microprogram control architecture for the General Picture Processor. NCI/IP TR-22, 4-22-1977. NTIS Accession No. PB269762/AS, Springfield, VA, 1977, 35 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-23-report
    TR-23-report
    TR-23. Lemkin, P.F.: BMOMNI - Fortran interface program for the RTPP buffer memory, Quantimet and control desk. NCI/IP TR-23, 12-14-1976. NTIS Accession No. PB261538/AS, Springfield, VA, 1976, 10 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-472-report
    TR-472-report
    TR-472. Shapiro, B.: The use of orthogonal expansion for biological shape description. College Park, MD, University of Maryland Computer Science Center TR-472, Aug. 1976, pp 30. TR-653. Lemkin, P.F.: Bone marrow smear image analysis. College Park, MD, University of Maryland Computer Science Center TR-653, April, 1978, 156 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-655-report
    TR-655-report
    TR-655. Lemkin, P.F.: The run length map: A representation of contours and regions for efficient search and low level semantic encoding. College Park, MD, University of Maryland Computer Science Center TR-655, April, 1978, 60 pp. (PDF)
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    TR-BAS78-report
    TR-BAS78-report
    TR-BAS78. Shapiro, B.S.: "Shape description using boundary sequences", U. Maryland Computer Science Dept, 1978. (Ph.D. dissertation).

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