Yellow
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Fever
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The Rockefeller Institute continued their work on yellow fever back in New York; it was highly dangerous work. The Rockefeller vaccine was used in the United States and England. At the same time, the Pasteur Institute in Tunis developed a one-dose vaccine (usually combined with smallpox), and it was used in France and their African colonies. The French vaccine was given by scarification (scratching into the skin). It risked febrile and central nervous system reactions but could be done in mass.
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World War II created a huge demand for the yellow fever vaccine. The United States used the Rockefeller Institute vaccine for almost 7 million doses. Later some 26,000 cases of jaundice were recorded and mortality rates of 3 per 1000 (but it was later shown to be Hep. B). An investigation ensued. The serum seemed to be the culprit. The serum was donated by medical professionals, students, etc. at Johns Hopkins who when later tested, it was revealed that several of the donors had a history of jaundice.
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