Page Comparison - Canyon Creek Schoolhouse Laboratory 100th Anniversary Mission (v.1 vs v.2)

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Vaccine Production Steps

In

April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be empty

1925, Drs. Roscoe Spencer and Ralph Parker described their method for creating RMSF vaccine. The method would become more streamlined and automated after they moved into the Building One laboratory in 1928 and got better space and equipment than the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse laboratory could provide. These photos include some taken at Building One after the laboratory moved from the schoolhouse.

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The recipe for RMSF vaccine:

Because you use adult ticks, you have to start when the ticks are young the spring before to create a vaccine for the next spring.

Lab-reared adult ticks without RMSF are used. Feed female ticks to engorgement on rabbits and mate them.

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Image: Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1478

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might have

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In April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be empty. 2. Put the females put in separate pill boxes, give the box a lot number, and place the box over moist sand so they can lay eggs.

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might haveOffice of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1487-1

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3. After the eggs hatch, feed the whole group of larvae on infected rabbit. Do the same after they molt and become nymphs (as shown in the tubes) on a non-infected rabbit.

4. After each feeding, inject a few ticks into a guinea pig’s abdomen to see if the guinea pig gets RMSF. Then you know the ticks are infected too.

5. After the ticks molt to become adults, keep them a month to let the RMSF infection grow in them.

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In April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be empty.

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might haveOffice of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1486

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In April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be empty.

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6. Feed the adult ticks on an infected guinea pig. Then eviscerate the ticks and grind them in a mortar for 10-15 minutes with sterile sand and a bit of salt solution. This will separate their internal organs from their exoskeletons to create an emulsion.

7. Dilute the emulsion with salt solution so 1 cubic centimeter of emulsion equals two or more tick viscera.

8. Test the emulsion on two guinea pigs to find the minimal infectious dose. Both guinea pigs have to get RMSF to consider the emulsion for the vaccine.

9. Dilute the emulsion again to equal one tick. Add phenol so that the final product has 0.5% phenol (preservative-disinfectant).

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Image: Montana Memory, 746

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10. Let the mixture sit at room temperature for two or three days. A heavy precipitate is formed as seen in the photo, and extraneous organisms are killed as shown by anaerobic and aerobic sterility tests.

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Image: Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1477

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11. Use a centrifuge to separate the precipitate, as Emily Emmart is doing in the photo, because it doesn’t go through filter paper, and the vaccine’s potency is destroyed by a Berkefeld filter. The supernatant fluid (clear fluid) is the vaccine.

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Image: National Library of Medicine, 101447516

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12. Bottle the vaccine in a sterile environment.

The dosage is difficult to determine, but “Such irregularities are not surprising, however, when we recall that so little is known of the various factors affecting the process and mechanism of immunity.” (1925, page 2160 Monkeys).

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Image: Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1523-sl

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Giving Vaccinations

After using

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might have

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laboratory staff as an informal clinical trial, vaccination trials of the people most exposed to RMSF began. People most likely to get RMSF because of their jobs were among those first vaccinated, such as shepherds and cattlemen. These shepherds in Idaho received their shots in 1926.

In April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be empty.

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Image: Montana Memory, 312

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The residents of the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, where the most people died from RMSF, were also vaccinated. In the photo, families lined up outside a local school in Darby to be vaccinated. Dr. R. R. Hayward, a local physician (in a white lab coat), administered the vaccine to a man in his left arm. The town of Darby had lost Arthur Kerlee to the disease when he was working at the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse laboratory.

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Image: Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1524-sl

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might have

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In April 1921, the citizens of the Hamilton and Canyon Creek school districts voted to become one school district. Canyon Creek residents had worked for the consolidation, and Hamilton citizens enthusiastically agreed at the voting booth. The next school year would begin in Hamilton, and the schoolhouse would be emptythis photo, vials of the Spencer-Parker RMSF vaccine sit on the letter or telegram requesting the vaccine from places all over the United States. The Canyon Creek Schoolhouse laboratory was producing as much of the vaccine as possible, but demand for the vaccine exceeded the supply, making the construction of a new building designed specifically for scientific research and vaccine production necessary—Building One of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories.

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Image: Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum, 1560

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Can We Treat or Cure RMSF?

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A Vaccine Made Unnecessary

One question not answered at the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse laboratory was if there was an effective treatment for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. But in the late 1940s, antibiotics were found to cure the disease; this discovery made the Spencer-Parker vaccine obsolete. This current infographic from the CDC reminds us that RMSF is still a threat to people’s health. Visit their website for more information https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/index.html

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Image: CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/index.html

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In this undated photograph, students pose with their teachers on the steps of the Canyon Creek Schoolhouse in Montana. In the fall of 1921, students would have to cross the bridge over the Bitterroot River to attend school in the town of Hamilton, abandoning their old brick school.

Image: 2011-F077-003 Ravalli County Museum Or RML might have

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Old Version 1

New Version 2

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Vaccine Production Steps

Giving Vaccinations

Can We Treat or Cure RMSF?

Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum