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Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer (1916-1995) American biochemist
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Alan N. Schechter. "Christian B. Anfinsen, 1916-1995." Nature Structural Biology 8 (1995): 621-3.
Profiles in Science: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KK/
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1972/anfinsen-bio.html
Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences: http://www.els.netSciences
Ames, Bruce N. (1928-) American biochemist and geneticist
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Bruce N. Ames. "An Enthusiasm for Metabolism." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (2003): 4369-80.
Barker, Horace Albert (1907-2000) American biochemist
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Horace A. Barker. "Exploration of Bacterial Metabolism." Annual Review of Biochemistry 47 (1978): 1-33
King-Thom Chung. "Horace A. Barker (1907) Pioneer of Anaerobic Metabolism." Anaerobe 5 (1999): 513-7.
Beijerinck, Martinus W. (1851-1931) Dutch microbiologist
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Pieter Bos and Bert Theunissen, eds. Beijerinck and the Delft School of Microbiology. Delft: Delft University Press, 1995.
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (1779-1848) Swedish chemist
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Alan J. Rocke. Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century: From Dalton to Cannizzaro. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
Brown, Michael Stuart (1941-) American biochemist and molecular geneticist
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Additional Readings or Websites
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1985/brown-bio.html
Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910-1994) British crystallographer
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Georgina Ferry. Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1998.
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio.html
Kluyver, Albert Jan (1888-1956) Dutch microbiologist
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A. F. Kamp, et al., eds. Albert Jan Kluyver: His Life and Work. Amsterdam and New York:, 1959.
Lipmann, Fritz Albert (1899-1986) German-American biochemist
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Additional Readings or Websites
Nobel e-MuseumNobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1953/lipmann-bio.html
Lynen, Feodor (1911-1979) German biochemist
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Additional Readings or Websites
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1964/lynen-bio.html
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Nirenberg, Marshall (1927-) American biochemist and molecular biologist
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Nirenberg then moved to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda as a postdoctoral fellow to work with DeWitt Stetten, Jr. During his collaboration with William Jakoby on the genetic control of enzymatic induction, Nirenberg became interested in protein synthesis in a cell-free system. He was appointed a staff scientist at NIH in 1960. In a series of experiments conducted with Johann Heinrich Matthaei, a postdoctoral fellow from Germany, Nirenberg discovered in 1961 that poly-U, a synthetic RNA polymer of polyurdylic acid, functions as a template for producing a protein composed of the single amino acid phenylalanine. UUU became the first word of the genetic code deciphered. It took five years to solve the entire code for twenty amino acids. In this phase of the work Nirenberg faced fierce competition from the eminent scientist Severo Ochoa, and NIH scientists teamed up to help him showing a remarkable esprit de corps. Among them, Philip Leder, Maxine Singer and Leon Heppel assisted Nirenberg by devising enzymatic methods for synthesizing trinucleotides of known sequences. Nirenberg shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for their investigations into the genetic code. Since then, Nirenberg has been exploring the new scientific frontier of neurobiology at NIH.
Source
Buhm Soon Park and Victoria Harden, "Marshall Nirenberg," Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, http://www.els.net
Additional Readings or Websites
Profiles in Science: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/JJ/
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1968/nirenberg-bio.html
Prusiner, Stanley B. (1942-) American neurologist
Prusiner received his A.B. in chemistry in 1964 and his M.D. in 1968 from the University of Pennsylvania. Following his internship at the University of California, San Francisco, he came to the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1969 as a Clinical Associate. Working in Earl Stadtman's laboratory, he learned various aspects of the research process in biochemistry: developing assays, purifying macromolecules, documenting a discovery by many approaches, and writing clear manuscripts describing what is known and what remains to be investigated. As he later recalled, his three years at NIH were critical in his scientific education.
In 1972, Prusiner began a residency at the University of California, San Francisco in the department of neurology, where he became interested in a "slow virus" infection called Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) and the seemingly related diseases—kuru of the Fore people of New Guinea and scrapie of sheep. Prusiner joined the faculty there in 1974 and continued his studies on scrapie. Finally in 1982, he published a paper in which he claimed to have isolated the scrapie-causing agent. This agent, which he termed a "prion," was not like other known pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, because it consisted only of protein and lacked the nucleic acid having genetic information. Prusiner's paper immediately set off a firestorm of criticism, especially from virologists, but by the mid 1990s, his discovery became widely accepted. For this work, he received the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Source
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1997/
prusiner-autobio.html-Museum
Additional Readings or Websites
NINDS:
Stetten, DeWitt, Jr. (1909-1990) American biochemist and medical educator
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His main scientific contribution was in the study of gout, a metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the joints, but perhaps he is best known for his leadership in the drafting of guidelines on genetic engineering research in 1976. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Source
NIH Almanac: http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/historical/deputy_directors.htm#stetten
Additional Readings or Websites
J. Edwin Seegmiller. "DeWitt Stetten, Jr." Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 71 (1997): 332-45.
Victoria A. Harden. "Present at the creation. The first five years of the Stetten Museum." Caduceus 8 (1992): 46-53.
A finding aid is located at the National Library of Medicine
Vagelos, P. Roy (1929-) American biochemist and businessman
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P. Roy Vagelos and Louis Galambos. Medicine, Science and Merck: The First Three Careers of Roy Vagelos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Van Niel, Cornelis Bernardus Kees (1897-1985) Dutch microbiologist.
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H. A. Barker and Robert E. Hungate. "Cornelis Bernardus van Niel." Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 59 (1990): 388-423.
Warburg, Otto Heinrich (1883-1970) German biochemist.
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Additional Readings or Websites
Nobel e-Museum: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1931/warburg-bio.html
Winogradsky, Sergey Nikolaevich (1856-1953) (also spelled Vinogradsky) Russian microbiologist
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James F. Mauer, et al., eds. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1981.
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