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Legislative
Chronology
This legislative
chronology is limited to enactments that had a
major influence upon the Marine Hospital Service
as it evolved into the PHS, to legislation leading
to the establishment of the National Institutes
of Health, and to specific NIH legislation with
the exception of appropriations bills, unless
such bills provided significant new authorities
for or restrictions on NIH components.
The Legislative
Chronology is produced by the NIH Almanac and
can also be found here.
1700
July
16, 1798 — "An Act for the relief of
sick and disabled Seamen" established the Marine
Hospital Service for merchant seamen. The Marine
Hospital Service — forerunner of the present-day
PHS — became a component of the Treasury Department.
A monthly hospital tax of 20 cents was deducted
from the pay of merchant seamen in the first prepaid
medical care plan in the United States. (1
Stat. L. 605.)
March
2, 1799 — An amending act to the legislation
of 1798 extended Marine Hospital Service benefits
to officers and men of the U.S. Navy. This arrangement
continued until 1818 after which the Navy built
its own hospitals. However, the deduction of 20
cents per month from the pay of Navy and Marine
Corps personnel continued until June 15, 1943.
(1
Stat. L. 729.)
1800
June
29, 1870 — A bill to reorganize the
Marine Hospital Service and establish a central
controlling office in Washington, D.C., was enacted.
This act also increased the amount of hospital
tax paid by seamen from 20 cents to 40 cents per
month, a tax which continued until 1884. (16
Stat. L. 169.) (After the seamen's hospital
tax was abolished July 1, 1884, the cost of maintaining
Marine hospitals was paid out of a tonnage tax
until 1906. Since then medical care for merchant
seamen and other beneficiaries of the service
has been supported by direct congressional appropriations.)
March
3, 1875 — An act was passed authorizing
the admission of seamen from the Navy and other
government services to Marine hospitals on a reimbursable
basis.
The Surgeon
General of the Marine Hospital Service was to
be appointed by the President, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate. (18
Stat. L. 377.)
April
29, 1878 — The first Federal Quarantine
Act "to prevent the introduction of contagious
or infectious diseases into the United States"
was passed. (20
Stat. L. 37.)
March
3, 1879 — The National Board of Health
was created by law and given quarantine powers;
first organized, comprehensive Federal medical
research effort. (20
Stat. L. 484.)
January
4, 1889 — A bill to establish a commissioned
officer corps in the Marine Hospital Service was
passed. This law established a mobile corps subject
to duty anywhere upon assignment, a policy that
had been in effect since Dr. Woodworth assumed
leadership of the Marine Hospital Service in 1871.
(25
Stat. L. 639.)
March
27, 1890 — Congress gave the Marine
Hospital Service interstate quarantine authority.
(26
Stat. L. 31.)
February
15, 1893 — A new Quarantine Act was
passed following outbreaks of cholera in Europe,
strengthening the inadequate Quarantine Act of
1878 by giving the Federal Government the right
of quarantine inspection. The act of March 3,
1879, was repealed. (27
Stat. L. 449.)
March
2, 1899 — The Marine Hospital Service
was directed by Congress to investigate leprosy
in the United States. (30
Stat. L. 976.)
1900
March
3, 1901 — An appropriation of $35,000
was made for the Hygienic Laboratory building
(first legislative mention of Hygienic Laboratory).
Thus "investigations of contagious and infectious
diseases and matters pertaining to public health"
were given definite status in law. (31
Stat. L. 1086.)
July
1, 1902 — A bill to increase the efficiency
and change the name of the Marine Hospital Service
to Public Health and Marine Hospital Service was
enacted. The law authorized the establishment
of specified administrative divisions and, for
the first time, designated a bureau of the Federal
Government as an agency in which public health
matters could be coordinated. (32
Stat. L. 712.)
Another
law, usually referred to as the Biologics Control
Act, authorized the Public Health and Marine Hospital
Service to regulate the transportation or sale
for human use of viruses, serums, vaccines, antitoxins,
and analogous products in interstate traffic or
from any foreign country into the United States.
(P.L.
57-244, 32
Stat. L. 728.)
1910
August
14, 1912 — Under an act, the name Public
Health and Marine Hospital Service was changed
to Public Health Service. The legislation broadened
the PHS research program to include "diseases
of man" and contributing factors such as pollution
of navigable streams, and information dissemination.
(37 Stat. L. 309.)
July
9, 1918 — The Chamberlain-Kahn Act provided
for the study of venereal diseases by the PHS.
(40 Stat. L. 886.)
October
27, 1918 — A PHS reserve corps was established.
The 1918 influenza pandemic emphasized the need
for a reserve corps to meet such emergency situations.
(40
Stat. L. 1017.)
1920
January
19, 1929 — The Narcotics Control Act
provided for construction of two hospitals for
the care and treatment of drug addicts, and authorized
creation of a Narcotics Division in the PHS Office
of the Surgeon General. (P.L.
70-672, 45 Stat. L. 1085.)
1930
April
9, 1930 — A law changed the name of
the Advisory Board for the Hygienic Laboratory
to the National Advisory Health Council. (P.L.
71-106, 46 Stat. L. 152.)
May
26, 1930 — The Ransdell Act reorganized,
expanded, and redesignated the Hygienic Laboratory
as the National Institute of Health. The act authorized
$750,000 for the construction of two buildings
for NIH and authorized a system of fellowships.
(P.L.
71-251, 46 Stat. L. 379.)
June
14, 1930 — A law authorized creation
of a separate Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury
Department to control trading in narcotic drugs
and their use for therapeutic purposes. Also,
the legislation redesignated the PHS Narcotics
Division to the Division of Mental Hygiene, giving
the Surgeon General authority to investigate abuse
of narcotics and the causes, treatment, and prevention
of mental and nervous diseases. (P.L.
71-357, 46 Stat. L. 585.)
August
14, 1935 — The Social Security Act was
an event of major importance in the progress of
public health in the United States. This act authorized
health grants to the states on the principle that
the most effective way to prevent the interstate
spread of disease is to improve state and local
public health programs. With this legislation,
the PHS became adviser and practical assistant
to state and local health services. (P.L.
74-271, 49 Stat. L. 634.)
August
5, 1937 — A law established the National
Cancer Institute to conduct and support research
relating to the cause, diagnosis, and treatment
of cancer. The law authorized the Surgeon General
to make grants-in-aid for research in the field
of cancer, provide fellowships, train personnel,
and assist the states in their efforts toward
cancer prevention and control. (P.L.
75-244, 50 Stat. L. 559.)
April
3, 1939 — The Reorganization Act of
1939 transferred the PHS from the Treasury Department
to the Federal Security Agency. (P.L.
76-19, 53 Stat. L. 561.)
1940
July
1, 1944 — The PHS act consolidated and
revised laws pertaining to the PHS and divided
the service into the Office of the Surgeon General,
Bureau of Medical Services, Bureau of State Services,
and the National Institute of Health. The act
gave the Surgeon General broad powers to conduct
and support research into the diseases and disabilities
of man, authorized projects and fellowships, and
made the National Cancer Institute a division
of NIH. The act also empowered the Surgeon General
to treat at PHS medical facilities, for purposes
of study, persons not otherwise eligible for such
treatment. (P.L.
78-410, 58 Stat. L. 682.) Under this provision,
the Clinical Center was later established. (Under
this act, the Research Grants Office, January
1, 1946; the Experimental Biology and Medicine
Institute and the National Microbiological Institute,
November 1, 1948; and the Division of Research
Services, January 1, 1956, were established.)
July
3, 1946 — The National Mental Health
Act was designed to improve the mental health
of U.S. citizens through research into the causes,
diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
It authorized the Surgeon General to support research,
training, and assistance to state mental health
programs. (P.L.
79-487, 60 Stat. L. 421.) (The National Institute
of Mental Health was established under the authority
of this law on April 15, 1949.)
August
13, 1946 — The Hospital Survey and Construction
Act (Hill-Burton Act) authorized grants to the
states for construction of hospitals and public
health centers, for planning construction of additional
facilities, and for surveying existing hospitals
and other facilities. (P.L.
79-725, 60 Stat. L. 1040.)
July
8, 1947 — Under P.L. 80-165, research
construction provisions of the Appropriations
Act for FY 1948 provided funds "for the acquisition
of a site, and the preparation of plans, specifications,
and drawings, for additional research buildings
and a 600-bed clinical research hospital and necessary
accessory buildings related thereto to be used
in general medical research...."
June
16, 1948 — The National Heart Act authorized
the National Heart Institute to conduct, assist,
and foster research; provide training; and assist
the states in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
of heart diseases. In addition, the act changed
the name of National Institute of Health
to National Institutes of Health. (P.L.
80-655, 62 Stat. L. 464.)
June
24, 1948 — The National Dental Research
Act authorized the National Institute of Dental
Research to conduct, assist, and foster dental
research; provide training; and cooperate with
the states in the prevention and control of dental
diseases. (P.L.
80-755, 62 Stat. L. 598.)
1950
August
15, 1950 — The Omnibus Medical Research
Act authorized the Surgeon General to establish
the National Institute of Neurological Diseases
and Blindness, as well as additional institutes,
to conduct and support research and research training
relating to other diseases and groups of diseases.
(P.L.
81-692, 64 Stat. L. 443.) (The National Institute
of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases and the National
Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness
were established under the authority of this act
on November 22, 1950. Under this same act, the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
was established on December 29, 1955, replacing
the National Microbiological Institute which was
originally established November 1, 1948, under
authority of section 202 of the PHS act.)
April
1, 1953 — Reorganization plan #1 assigned
the PHS to the new Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare.
July
28, 1955 — The Mental Health Study Act
authorized the Surgeon General to award grants
to non-governmental organizations for partial
support of a nationwide study and reevaluation
of the problems of mental illness. Under this
act, the Joint Committee on Mental Illness and
Health was awarded grant support for 3 years.
(P.L.
84-182, 69 Stat. L. 381.)
July
3, 1956 — The National Health Survey
Act authorized the Surgeon General to survey sickness
and disabilities in the United States on a sampling
basis. (P.L.
84-652, 70 Stat. L. 489.)
July
28, 1956 — The Alaska Mental Health
Enabling Act provided for territorial treatment
facilities to eliminate the need to transport
the mentally ill outside Alaska. It also authorized
PHS grants to Alaska for its mental health program.
(P.L.
84-830, 70 Stat. L. 709.)
July
30, 1956 — The Health Research Facilities
Act of 1956 (Title VII of the PHS act) authorized
a PHS program of Federal matching grants to public
and nonprofit institutions for the construction
of health research facilities. (P.L.
84-835, 70 Stat. L. 717.)
August
2, 1956 — The Health Amendments Act
of 1956 authorized the Surgeon General to assist
in increasing the number of adequately trained
nurses and professional public health personnel.
It also authorized PHS grants to support the development
of improved methods of care and treatment of the
mentally ill. (P.L.
84-911, 70 Stat. L. 923.)
August
3, 1956 — An amendment to Title III
of the PHS act, the National Library of Medicine
Act, placed the Armed Forces Medical Library under
the PHS, and renamed it the National Library of
Medicine. (P.L.
84-941.)
June
30, 1958 — The Mutual Security Act of
1958 amended P.L. 83-480, authorizing the President
to enter into agreements with friendly nations
to use foreign currencies accruing under title
I for collection, translation, and dissemination
of scientific information and to conduct research
and support scientific activities overseas. (P.L.
85-477.)
1960
July
12, 1960 — Congress passed the International
Health Research Act. The law authorized the Surgeon
General to establish and make grants for fellowships
in the United States and participating foreign
countries; make grants or loans of equipment and
other materials to participating foreign countries
for use by public or nonprofit institutions and
agencies; participate in international health
meetings, conferences, and other activities; and
facilitate the interchange of research scientists
and experts between the United States and participating
foreign countries. (P.L.
86-610, 74 Stat. L. 364.)
September
15, 1960 — A law amended the PHS act
to authorize grants-in-aid to universities, hospitals,
laboratories, and other public and nonprofit institutions
to strengthen their programs of research and research
training in the sciences related to health. The
act also authorized the use of funds appropriated
for research or research training to be set aside
by the Surgeon General in a special account for
general research support grants. (P.L.
86-798, 74 Stat. L. 1053.)
October
17, 1962 — An act authorized the Surgeon
General to establish the National Institute of
General Medical Sciences and the National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development. The latter
was authorized to conduct and support research
and training relating to maternal health; child
health; human development, in particular the special
health problems of mothers and children; and the
basic sciences relating to the processes of human
growth and development. The former was authorized
to conduct and support research in the basic medical
sciences and related behavioral sciences that
have significance for two or more institutes,
or which are outside the general area of responsibility
of any other institute. (P.L.
87-838, 76 Stat. L. 1072.) (On January 30,
1963, the NICHD and the NIGMS were established
under this act.)
September
24, 1963 — A law amended the Health
Research Facilities Act of 1956 (Title VII to
the PHS act) to allow grants for multipurpose
facilities that would provide teaching space as
well as essential research space. (P.L.
88-129, 77 Stat. L. 164.)
October
24, 1963 — The Maternal and Child Health
and Mental Retardation Planning Amendments of
1963 amended the Social Security Act of 1935 by
authorizing a five-point grant program of $265
million, over a 5-year period. Major provisions
designed to prevent mental retardation included
increased Federal grants for maternal and child
health services and crippled children's service
administered by the Children's Bureau; a new 5-year
program of grants to the states for health care
of expectant mothers who have, or are likely to
have, conditions associated with childbearing
which may lead to mental retardation; funds for
research to improve maternal and child health
and crippled children's services; and grants to
the states to assist in developing plans for comprehensive
state and community programs to combat mental
retardation. (P.L.
88-156, 77 Stat. L. 273.)
October
31, 1963 — A companion measure to P.L.
88-156 was the Mental Retardation Facilities and
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
of 1963. This act authorized a total of $329 million
over 5 years for grants to assist in the construction
of mental retardation research centers and community
mental health centers, and to train teachers of
mentally retarded and other handicapped children.
(P.L.
88-164, 77 Stat. L. 282.)
August
18, 1964 — The Hospital and Medical
Facilities Amendments of 1964 extended the Hospital
Survey and Construction Act of 1946 (Hill-Burton
Act) for 5 years with a total authorization of
$1.4 billion. (P.L.
88-443, 78 Stat. L. 447.)
August
27, 1964 — Graduate Public Health Training
Amendments of 1964 extended the authorization
for public health traineeships and training grants
to schools of public health, nursing, and engineering
for 5 years, through June 30, 1969. (P.L.
88-497, 78 Stat. L. 613.)
September
19, 1964 — The Appropriations Act for
1965 included $10 million for establishment of
a virus-leukemia program. (P.L.
88-605.)
August
4, 1965 — The Mental Retardation Facilities
and Community Mental Health Centers Construction
Act Amendments of 1965 provided monies through
FY 1972 to help finance initial staffing of community
mental health centers which were authorized in
the original act; extended and increased appropriations
authority for mental retardation education research
and demonstration projects; and authorized increased
annual funds through FY 1969 for training teachers
of the handicapped young. (P.L.
89-105.)
August
9, 1965 — The Health Research Facilities
Amendments of 1965 extended the program for construction
of health research facilities for 3 years with
$280 million authorized for that period in lieu
of the previous $50 million annual appropriations
authorizations. (P.L.
89-115.)
August
31, 1965 — A supplemental appropriations
act resulting from recommendations of the President's
Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke
provided an additional $20,250,000 (shared by
NCI, NHI, NIGMS and NINDB) to intensify and expand
support of research in the three major "killer"
diseases. (P.L.
89-156.)
October
6, 1965 — The Heart Disease, Cancer
and Stroke Amendments of 1965 provided for establishment
of regional cooperative programs in research,
training, continuing education and demonstration
activities in patient care among medical schools,
clinical research institutions and hospitals so
that the latest treatment methods for the three
diseases may be more widely available to patients.
Under this act, the Division of Regional Medical
Programs was created February 1, 1966. (P.L.
89-239.)
October
22, 1965 — The Medical Library Assistance
Act was passed, authorizing NLM's extramural programs.
(P.L.
89-291.)
August
3, 1968 — A law authorized the designation
of a national center for biomedical communications
as the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical
Communications. (P.L.
90-456.)
August
16, 1968 — An amendment to the PHS act
authorized the secretary to establish a National
Eye Institute and to rename NINDB the National
Institute of Neurological Diseases. The new institute
was formed from NINDB programs to conduct and
support research for new treatment and cures,
and training relating to blinding eye diseases
and visual disorders. (P.L.
90-489.)
The Health
Manpower Act of 1968 extended and expanded the
following five health laws then in effect: Health
Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963,
as amended; Nurse Training Act of 1964, as amended;
Allied Health Professions Personnel Training Act
of 1966; Health Research Facilities Act of 1956,
as amended; and Public Health Service Act of 1944,
as amended. The measure provided a 2-year extension,
through FY 1971, of the above legislation except
for the Allied Health Professions Act, extended
only through FY 1970. (P.L.
90-490.)
October
24, 1968 — The President signed legislation
further amending the name of NIND to National
Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke.
(P.L.
90-639.)
1970
March
12, 1970 — An amendment to the PHS act
extended and made coterminous through June 30,
1973, the authority to make formula grants to
schools of public health, project grants for graduate
training in public health, and traineeships for
professional public health personnel. (P.L.
91-208, 84 Stat. 52.)
March
13, 1970 — The Medical Library Assistance
Extension Act of 1970 amended the PHS act to improve
and extend the provisions relating to assistance
to medical libraries and related instrumentalities
for 3 years through June 30, 1973. (P.L.
91-212, 84 Stat. 63.)
October
30, 1970 — The PHS act was amended to
provide: 1) extension of research contract authority
in areas of public health through June 30, 1974;
2) authorization of mission-related clinical training
(as well as research training) by the NIGMS; 3)
clarification of terms in the regulation of biological
products; 4) clarifying and technical directives
relating to appointment, compensation and functions
of advisory councils and committees, and 5) extension
of statutory authority for regional medical programs,
comprehensive medical planning, and health services
research and development. (P.L.
91-515.)
November
2, 1970 — The Health Training Improvement
Act of 1970 extended and amended allied health
professions training authority (which expired
June 30, 1970) and established eligibility of
new health professions educational assistance
schools for "start-up" grants. (P.L.
91-519.)
December
24, 1970 — The Congress enacted the
Family Planning Services and Population Research
Act of 1970 to expand, improve and better coordinate
family planning services and population research
activities of the Federal Government. (P.L.
91-572.)
May
22, 1971 — Congress passed into law
the Supplemental Appropriations Bill, which included
$100 million for cancer research. This appropriation
was made in response to the President's State
of the Union address, in which he called for "an
intensive campaign to find a cure for cancer."
The appropriation includes authority under grants
and contracts, as well as direct construction
authority for NCI. (P.L.
92-18.)
July
9, 1971 — A law amended the Public Health
Service Act to provide for extension of student
loan scholarship programs for up to four fiscal
years. (P.L.
92-52.)
November
18, 1971 — The President signed the
Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act of
1971 to provide increased manpower in the health
professions, and the Nurse Training Act of 1971
to provide training for increased numbers of nurses.
(P.L.
92-157, P.L. 92-158.)
December
23, 1971 — The National Cancer Act of
1971 enlarged the authorities of NCI and NIH in
order to advance the national effort against cancer.
The authority of the director, NCI, was expanded,
a National Cancer Advisory Board was established,
and appropriations in excess of $400 million were
authorized for 1972, with further increases in
subsequent years. (P.L.
92-218.)
May
16, 1972 — The National Sickle Cell
Anemia Control Act of 1972 became law and established
a national program for diagnosis and treatment
of, and counseling and research in, sickle cell
disease. (P.L.
92-294.)
May
19, 1972 — The need for further support
of research and training in the field of digestive
diseases was emphasized by adding a new section
434 to the PHS act and renaming NIAMD the National
Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive
Diseases. (P.L.
92-305.)
August
29, 1972 — The National Cooley's Anemia
Control Act authorized over $9 million for 3 years
for research in the diagnosis and treatment of
Cooley's anemia, and for counseling and public
information programs. (P.L.
92-414.)
September
19, 1972 — The National Heart, Blood
Vessel, Lung, and Blood Act expanded the authorities
of the National Heart and Lung Institute to augment
the national effort against heart, lung, and blood
diseases. Appropriations of $375 million for 1973
were authorized with further increases in subsequent
years. (P.L.
92-423.)
October
25, 1972 — The National Advisory Commission
on Multiple Sclerosis Act established a commission
charged to determine the most productive avenue
of researching possible causes and cures of MS,
and make specific recommendations for the maximum
utilization of national resources directed toward
MS. (P.L.
92-563.)
June
18, 1973 — The Health Programs Extension
Act of 1973 extended the medical library assistance
programs of NLM (with the exception of the construction
program) for 1 year. Population research and family
planning activities were also extended through
FY 1974, along with other Federal health programs.
(P.L.
93-45.)
November
16, 1973 — The Emergency Medical Services
System Act of 1973 amended the PHS act to provide
assistance and encouragement for the development
of comprehensive area emergency medical services
systems, including grants and contracts for the
support of research in emergency medical techniques,
methods, devices, and delivery. (P.L.
93-154.)
April
22, 1974 — The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Act of 1974 amended the PHS act to authorize specific
and general research on the sudden infant death
syndrome through the NICHD. The collection, analysis,
and public dissemination of information and data
and the support of counseling programs were also
authorized. The act did not authorize specific
funds for research, but did authorize appropriations
of $9 million over a 3-year period for the other
programs. (P.L.
93-270.)
May
31, 1974 — The Research on Aging Act
of 1974 established a National Institute on Aging.
The act authorized the NIA to conduct and support
biomedical, social, and behavioral research and
training related to the aging process and the
diseases and other special problems and needs
of the aged. (P.L.
93-296.)
June
22, 1974 — The Energy Supply and Coordination
Act directed the secretary through NIEHS to study
the effects of chronic exposure to sulfur oxides,
and authorized $3.5 million for that purpose.
(P.L.
93-319.)
July
12, 1974 — The National Research Act
of 1974 amended the PHS act by repealing existing
research training and fellowship authorities and
consolidating such authorities in the national
research service awards authority. The NRSAs (both
individual and institutional grants) are restricted
on the basis of subject area shortages and would
involve service obligations and payback provisions.
The act established a temporary National Commission
for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical
and Behavioral Research within the department
to make a comprehensive investigation of the ethical
principles involved in biomedical and behavioral
research (including psychosurgery and living fetus
research), and to develop ethical guidelines for
conducting such research. Also, a permanent National
Advisory Council for the Protection of Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was to be
established. (P.L.
93-348.)
July
23, 1974 — The National Cancer Act Amendments
of 1974 authorized $2.565 billion over a 3-year
period to extend and improve the National Cancer
Program as well as $210.5 million over 3 years
for cancer control programs. The act also: 1)
established the President's Biomedical Research
Panel to make a comprehensive investigation of
Federal biomedical and behavioral research; 2)
extended indefinitely the research contract authority
of section 301(h) of the PHS act; 3) provided
that the director, NIH, shall be appointed by
the President by and with the advice of the Senate;
and 4) required peer review of NIH and ADAMHA
grant applications and contract projects. (P.L.
93-352.)
The Health
Services Research, Health Statistics, and Medical
Libraries Act of 1974 extended and amended NLM
program authorities ($37.5 million over a 2-year
period). The act also extended the FIC's authority
to engage in international cooperative efforts
in health. (P.L.
93-353.)
The National
Diabetes Mellitus Research and Education Act provided
for regional research and training centers ($40
million authorized over a 3-year period), a long-range
plan prepared by a National Commission on Diabetes,
expanded research and training programs, a Diabetes
Mellitus Coordinating Committee, and an associate
director for diabetes in the National Institute
of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases.
(P.L.
93-354.)
October
29, 1974 — The Federal Fire Prevention
and Control Act authorized $5 million and $8 million
for fiscal years 1975-76 for establishment of
25 research and treatment centers, 25 burn units,
and 90 burn programs by NIH. (P.L.
93-498.)
January
4, 1975 — The National Arthritis Act
established a National Commission on Arthritis
and Related Musculoskeletal Diseases, authorized
$2 million to develop a long-range plan involving
research, training, services and data systems;
established an associate director for arthritis
in NIAMDD; and provided 3-year authorizations
for arthritis screening, detection, prevention,
and referral projects and for arthritis research
and demonstration centers. (P.L.
93-640.)
July
29, 1975 — A law extended and amended
authorities of Title X relating to family planning
and population research and made Title X sole
authority for all departmental extramural, collaborative,
and intramural research in "biomedical, contraceptive
development, behavioral, and program implementation
fields related to family planning and population;"
and created two temporary national commissions
for the control of epilepsy and Huntington's disease.
(P.L.
94-63.)
April
22, 1976 — The Health Research and Health
Services Amendments 1) extended authorization
through FY 1977 and amended provisions governing
the programs of the National Heart and Lung Institute,
placed increased emphasis on blood-related research,
and changed the institute's name to the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2) mandated
studies by the President's Biomedical Research
Panel and the National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of the implications of public
disclosure of information contained in grant applications
and contract proposals; 3) authorized broad-based
genetic diseases research under section 301 of
the PHS act, and provided for programs of counseling,
testing, and information dissemination about genetically
transmitted diseases; and 4) extended authorization
through FY 1977 for national research service
awards for NIH and ADAMHA. The act prohibited
consideration of political affiliation in making
appointments to health advisory committees. (P.L.
94-278.)
October
19, 1976 — The 1976 Arthritis, Diabetes,
and Digestive Diseases Amendments 1) provided
for an arthritis data system; 2) emphasized public
information and encouragement of proper treatment
for arthritis; 3) established a National Arthritis
Advisory Board; 4) provided for a National Diabetes
Board; and 5) established a National Commission
on Digestive Diseases to develop a long-range
plan for research. (P.L.
94-562.)
October
21, 1976 — The Emergency Medical Services
Amendments of 1976 extended the National Commission
on Arthritis; extended the Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research; and authorized research and
demonstration programs on burn injuries under
Title XII of the PHS act. (P.L.
94-573.)
August
1, 1977 — Health Planning and Health
Services Research and Statistics Extension, Biomedical
Research Extension, and Health Services Extension
Acts of 1977 continued the following programs
through September 30, 1978: the Medical Library
Assistance Program; cancer research and control
programs; heart, blood vessel, lung and blood
disease research, prevention and control programs;
national research service awards; population research
and voluntary family planning programs; and sudden
infant death syndrome information and counseling
programs. It also extended various health service
programs. (P.L.
95-83.)
August
7, 1977 — The Clean Air Act Amendments
established a coordinating committee to review
and comment on plans, execution, and results of
research relating to the stratosphere. NCI and
NIEHS are members. It also established a Task
Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung
Disease, with NCI, NHLBI, and NIEHS among the
members. (P.L.
95-95.)
September
29, 1977 — The Food and Agriculture
Act of 1977 designated the Department of Agriculture
as the lead agency of the Federal Government for
agricultural research (except with respect to
the biomedical aspects of human nutrition concerned
with diagnosis or treatment of disease). The act
also required establishment of procedures for
coordinating nutrition research in areas of mutual
interest between DHEW and Department of Agriculture.
(P.L.
95-113.)
November
9, 1977 — The Federal Mine Safety and
Health Amendments of 1977 gave the HEW secretary
authority to appoint an advisory committee on
coal or other mine health research. One member
of this committee is to be the director of the
NIH or delegate. (P.L.
95-164.)
November
23, 1977 — The Saccharin Study and Labeling
Act extended the Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects until November 1, 1978. (P.L.
95-203.)
November
9, 1978 — The Family Planning, Population
Research and SIDS Amendments authorized a 3-year
extension for the aforementioned programs through
FY 1981. This was the only authority for population
research programs in NICHD, the Center for Population
Research. (P.L.
95-613.)
Amendments
to the Community Mental Health Centers Act authorized
a 3-year extension for NLM programs, and NRSA's
expiring September 30, 1981, and a 2-year extension
for each of the following: Community Mental Health
Centers, NHLBI, and NCI. This legislation also
authorized the secretary, HEW, to: 1) conduct
studies and tests of substances for carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity, mutagenicity and other harmful
biological effects; 2) establish and conduct a
comprehensive research program on the biological
effects of low-level radiation; 3) conduct and
support research and studies on human nutrition;
and 4) publish an annual report which lists all
substances known to be carcinogenic and to which
a significant number of Americans are exposed.
(P.L.
95-622.)
Other important
provisions of this act included the authority
given to the director of NIH to appoint 200 experts
and consultants for the use of NIH components
other than NCI and NHLBI and the establishment
of the President's Commission for the Study of
Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and
Behavioral Research.
The Health
Services Research, Health Statistics, and Health
Care Technology Act of 1978 (P.L.
95-623) established in the Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Health, the National Center for
Health Care Technology, and reauthorized for 3
years the National Center for Health Statistics
and the National Center for Health Services Research.
The legislation
also established the National Council on Health
Care Technology on which the director, NIH, serves
as an ex officio member. The director, NIH, is
required annually to submit to the center a listing
of all technologies under development which appear
likely to be used in the practice of medicine.
NLM is
required to disseminate, publish, and make available
all standards, norms, and criteria developed by
the council concerning the use of particular health
care technologies. (P.L.
95-623.)
October
17, 1979 — The Department of Education
Organization Act established a Department of Education
and renamed the DHEW the Department of Health
and Human Services. (P.L.
96-88.)
December
12, 1979 — The Emergency Medical Services
Systems Amendments and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Amendments of 1979 required the NICHD to assure
that "adequate amounts" of its appropriated dollars
are used for research into identification of infants
at risk of SIDS and for prevention of SIDS. In
addition, the NICHD is required to provide information
on expenditure of funds for these purposes, the
number of SIDS grant applications received and
approved, the latest research findings on SIDS,
and estimate of needs for funds in succeeding
years. (P.L.
96-142.)
December
29, 1979 — P.L. 96-167 extended the
tax exemption for NRSA's for 1 year.
P.L. 96-171
required that the NIH Director, in consultation
with the secretary of transportation, conduct
a study to determine the effect of aging on the
ability of individuals to perform the duties of
pilots. The report on the study was to be submitted
to Congress within 1 year after enactment.
1980
September
26, 1980 — P.L.
96-359 requires the HHS secretary to conduct
a study to determine the long-term effects of
hypochloremic metabolic ankylosis resulting from
chloride-deficient formulas. The responsibility
for the study was assigned to NICHD.
December
12, 1980 — P.L.
96-517 revised the patent and trademark laws
and in particular awarded title to the patent
rights for inventions made with Federal assistance
to nonprofit organizations and small businesses.
The Clinical
Center was redesignated as the Warren Grant Magnuson
Clinical Center of NIH. (P.L.
96-518.)
December
17, 1980 — P.L. 96-538 reauthorized
for 2 years programs for NHLBI and NCI; changed
the name of the NIAMDD to the National Institute
of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases, extensively revised its authorities,
and reauthorized its programs for 3 years; and
required the NINCDS to conduct a study and submit
a report on spinal cord regeneration and other
neurological research.
P.L.
96-541 extended for 1 year the tax exemption
on NRSAs.
August
13, 1981 — P.L.
97-35, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
of 1981, reauthorized NRSAs for 2 years through
FY 1983, reauthorized the Medical Libraries Assistance
program for 1 year, and repealed the prohibition
in Title X against using other PHS authority to
fund population research, thus eliminating the
need for reauthorizations for this program located
in the NICHD.
July
22, 1982 — The Small Business Innovation
Development Act of 1982 requires that each Federal
agency with an annual research and development
budget exceeding $100 million set aside a certain
portion of its extramural R&D budget for a
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program
as follows: 0.2 percent in FY 1983; 0.6 percent
in FY 1984; 1.0 percent in FY 1985; and 1.25 percent
in FY 1986 and all subsequent years. (P.L.
97-219.)
September
3, 1982 — The Tax Equity and Fiscal
Responsibility Act of 1982 included among its
provisions an extension of the partial exclusion
of NRSAs from taxable gross income. This extension
will expire at the end of calendar year 1983;
during this time, the Treasury Department will
complete a study of the taxability of NRSA's and
other government educational grants which, like
NRSA's, have payback or service requirements.
(P.L.
97-248.)
January
4, 1983 — The Orphan Drug Act made changes
in the law to encourage development and marketing
of orphan drugs (drugs for rare diseases or conditions
which are not economically feasible for private
industry to develop and market). The act included
a requirement to prepare radioepidemiological
tables relating radiation-related cancer to specific
radiation doses, and a report on the risks of
thyroid cancer associated with doses of I 131
. These responsibilities were assigned to NIH
and NCI respectively. The act further provided
that NHLBI help develop and support not less than
10 comprehensive sickle cell centers. (P.L.
97-414.)
July
30, 1983 — The supplemental appropriations
for FY 1983 provided funds for PHS AIDS activities,
$9.375 million of which was earmarked for NIH.
This marked the first time the Congress directly
appropriated money for AIDS research for NIH.
The supplemental also provided $5.9 million for
NLM and development of a Biomedical Information
Communication Center in Portland, Oreg. (P.L.
98-63.).
October
1 and November 17, 1983 — Continuing
resolutions supported unauthorized NIH programs
including NRSA and Medical Library Assistance.
(P.L. 98-107 and P.L.
98-151.)
May
24, 1984 — P.L.
98-297 designated the convent and surrounding
land as the Mary Woodard Lasker Center for Health
Research and Education.
October
12 and November 8, 1984
— Appropriations legislation reauthorized NRSAs,
provided construction funds for NIH, and medical
library funding. (P.L. 98-473, P.L.
98-619.)
October
19, 1984 — The National Organ Transplant
Act authorized the secretary to establish a Task
Force on Organ Procurement and Transplantation
to examine relevant issues and report to the Congress
within 12 months. Its membership included the
director, NIH, ex officio. OMAR will sponsor the
required conference on bone marrow transplantation.
(P.L.
98-507.)
October
24, 1984 — The Veterans' Dioxin and
Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act
required the director, NIH, to conduct a study
of devices and techniques for determining previous
radiation exposure and submit a report; to enter
into an interagency agreement with the VA administrator
to identify agencies capable of furnishing such
services; and to provide an independent expert
who could prepare radiation dose estimates for
use by VA administrator in adjudicating claims.
(P.L.
98-542.)
October
30, 1984 — The Health Promotion and
Disease Prevention Amendments of 1984 amended
the PHS act to extend provisions relating to health
promotion and disease prevention and to establish
centers for research and demonstration in those
areas. It required that the director, NIH, be
consulted as to procedures for peer review of
applications; that NCHSR cooperate with NIH in
its responsibilities pertaining to health care
technologies; and that the director, NIH, serve
on the newly established National Advisory Council
on Health Care Technology Assessment. (P.L.
98-551.)
The Human
Services Reauthorization Act, Title V, ordered
the secretary, through NCI, to establish or support
at least one facility for cancer screening and
research in St. George, Utah, to be affiliated
with a health science center and accessible to
most residents of the areas that received greatest
fallout from Nevada nuclear tests. (P.L.
98-558.)
August
15, 1985 — The Orphan Drug Act was amended,
establishing a 20-member National Commission on
Orphan Diseases, to be appointed by the secretary
(including NIH representative), to assess the
activities of NIH and other entities in connection
with research and dissemination of knowledge related
to rare diseases. NIH was required to allocate
to the commission $1 million from its FY 1986
appropriation. (P.L.
99-91.)
November
20, 1985 — The Health Research Extension
Act of 1985 reauthorized NIH programs for 3 years;
established the National Institute of Arthritis
and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, renaming
the remaining component the National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases;
created a new National Center for Nursing Research;
established positions of associate director for
prevention in OD, NCI, NHLBI, and NICHD; and required
the development of guidelines for the care and
use of laboratory animals. Additional provisions
included establishment of committees to develop
a plan for research into methods that reduce animal
use or animal pain, to study research on lupus
erythematosus, to study the NRSA program, to plan
and develop Federal initiatives in spinal cord
injury research, to study personnel for health
needs of the elderly through the year 2020, to
review research activities in learning disabilities,
and to review the research programs of NIDDK.
The act also established NIH and all of its ICD's
in law and consolidated and made uniform many
authorities and responsibilities of institute
directors and advisory councils. (P.L.
99-158.)
December
12, 1985 — Under the Balanced Budget
and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings),
aimed at reducing the Federal deficit to zero
within 5 years, starting in FY 1986, budget authority
was reduced in accordance with the deficit targets.
For NIH this reduction amounted to $236 million.
The revised total NIH appropriation after "sequestration"
became $5.3 billion, 4.3 percent below the original
FY 1986 appropriation. The mandated across-the-board
reduction was applied again to the total amount
appropriated to each NIH institute, to each research
mechanism, and to each identified program, project,
or activity. (P.L.
99-177.)
In the
FY 1986 Labor-HHS-Education Appropriation bill,
the number of new and competing renewal research
project grants to be supported by NIH (6,100)
was specified in law for the first time. The act,
which included $5.498 billion for NIH, provided
that $4.5 million of this amount be transferred
to the departmental management account for construction
of the Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center in West
Virginia and that $70 million for AIDS research
be added to the account of the Office of the Director.
(P.L
. 99-178.)
December
23, 1985 — The Food Security Act, title
XVII, subtitle F, amended the Animal Welfare Act,
requiring the secretary of agriculture to promulgate
standards including exercise of dogs and consideration
of the psychological well-being of primates, minimization
of pain and distress, use of anesthetics, and
consideration of alternatives; formation of an
institutional animal committee at each research
facility; and provision of annual training for
those involved in animal care and treatment. An
information service was established at the National
Agricultural Library, in cooperation with NLM.
Title XIV, subtitle B, required an assessment
of existing scientific literature relating to
dietary cholesterol and calcium to be conducted
by the secretaries of agriculture and HHS. (P.L.
99-198.)
December
28, 1985 — P.L.
99-231 designated 1986 as the "Sesquicentennial
Year of the National Library of Medicine."
July
2, 1986 — The Urgent Supplemental Appropriations
Act provided an additional $6 million for NCI
cancer research and demonstration centers and
specified that funds for the Clinical Center should
be available for payment of nurses at rates of
pay authorized for VA nurses. (P.L.
99-349.)
October
6, 1986 — P.L.
99-443 amended the Small Business Act to extend
by 5 years the Small Business Innovation Research
Program.
October
16, 1986 — P.L.
99-489 designated the period from October
1, 1986, through September 30, 1987, as "National
Institutes of Health Centennial Year" and requested
the President to issue a proclamation calling
upon the people of the United States to observe
the year with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
October
18, 1986 — P.L.
99-500 and P.L.
99-591 (October 31, corrected version), making
continuing appropriations for FY 1987, included
$6.18 billion for NIH, a requirement to support
6,200 research project grants, funding for 10,700
research trainees and 559 centers; and $247.7
million in AIDS money for components.
October
20, 1986 — The Federal Technology Transfer
Act amended the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation
Act of 1980, authorizing directors of government-operated
Federal laboratories to enter into collaborative
R&D agreements with other government agencies,
universities, and private organizations; established
a Federal Laboratory Consortium in the National
Bureau of Standards; and mandated that royalties
received by a Federal agency be shared with the
inventor. (P.L.
99-502.)
November
14, 1986 — Title IX, the Alzheimer's
Disease and Related Dementias Services Research
Act, of P.L.
99-660 established an interagency council
and an advisory panel on Alzheimer's disease (AD).
It authorized the director, NIA, to make awards
for distinguished research on AD, to plan for
and conduct research, to establish an AD clearinghouse,
to make a grant to or enter into a contract with
a national organization representing Alzheimer's
patients, to establish an information system and
national toll-free telephone line, and to provide
information to caregivers of Alzheimer's patients
and to safety and transportation personnel. Title
III — Vaccine Compensation — named the director,
NIH, as an ex officio member of the newly established
Advisory Commission on Childhood Vaccines.
July
11, 1987 — The FY 1987 Supplemental
Appropriations bill, P.L.
100-71, allocated funds to NIA for clinical
trials, to NCNR and HRSA for studies related to
the nurse shortage and nurse retention, and to
OD/NIH for costs associated with pay raises and
the new Federal Employees Retirement System.
September
29, 1987 — The Balanced Budget and Emergency
Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 ("Gramm-Rudman-Hollings
II") adjusted the original deficit target reduction
in FY 1988 appropriations, including Labor-HHS-Education.
(P.L.
100-119.)
October
8, 1987 — P.L.
100-126 designated October 1, 1987, as "National
Medical Research Day," acknowledging 100 years
of contributions by NIH and other federally supported
research institutions to improving the health
and well-being of Americans and all humankind.
November
29, 1987 — The Older Americans Act Amendments,
Title III — Alzheimer's Disease Research, authorized
the director, NIA, to provide for conduct of clinical
trials on therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease
recommended for further analysis by NIA and FDA.
It also authorized the President to call a White
House Conference on Aging in 1991. (P.L.
100-175.)
December
22, 1987 — P.L.
100-202, making further continuing appropriations
for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988,
provided $6.667 billion to NIH, including $448
million to be allocated among the institutes for
AIDS. It also restricted forward or multiyear
funding, required expeditious testing of experimental
drugs for AIDS, and included $3.8 million for
a National Center on Biotechnology Information
within NLM.
September
20, 1988 — The Labor-HHS-Education Appropriations
Act, 1989, provided $7,152,207,000 for NIH (which
included a 1.2 percent across-the-board reduction
and a $6.8 million reduction for procurement reform).
Of the amount appropriated for NINCDS, up to $96,100,000
was to go to the new National Institute on Deafness
and Other Communication Disorders, following enactment
of authorizing legislation. The pay rate for NIH
nurses and allied health specialists having direct
patient care responsibilities was equated to that
of nurses at the Veterans Administration. Fifteen
million dollars was appropriated to develop specifications
and design for a consolidated office building
at NIH, $14 million for the new Building 49, and
$5 million for renovation of AIDS facilities.
In addition, a biotechnology training program
was established, as well as human genome and biotechnology
panels.
Funds were
authorized to support no less than 13,252 FTEs,
including an additional 200 for AIDS and 150 for
non-AIDS. Funding was also authorized for new
magnetic resonance imaging equipment at the cardiac
energetic laboratory and for a National Bone Marrow
Registry at NHLBI; $8.7 million was earmarked
for AIDS clinical trials.
Building
31 was renamed the Claude Denson Pepper Building.
(P.L.
100-436.)
September
22, 1988 — The Treasury, Postal Service
and General Government Appropriations Act, 1989,
provided that no Federal agency could receive
funds appropriated for FY 1989 unless it had in
place a written policy ensuring that its workplaces
were free from illegal use, possession, or distribution
of controlled substances. This restriction also
applied to grant recipients, contractors, and
parties to other agreements. (Subsequent legislation
required implementation of this law in January
1989.) (P.L
. 100-440.)
September
29, 1988 — The National Defense Authorization
Act, FY 1989, provided a special pay retention
bonus for medical officers below grade O-7 who
met certain criteria. Although officers of the
commissioned corps were not specifically mentioned,
42 U.S.C. 210(a) states that they shall receive
special pay received by commissioned medical and
dental officers of the Armed Forces. (P.L.
100-456.)
October
4, 1988 — P.L. 100-471 amended the PHS
act to authorize the secretary, HHS, to make grants
to the states to provide drugs determined to prolong
the life of individuals suffering from AIDS; $15
million was authorized to be appropriated through
March 31, 1989. (Funds appropriated for FY 1989
were transferred from NIH and other PHS agencies
to pay for this program, according to transfer
authority contained in P.L.
100-436.)
October
28, 1988 — The National Deafness and
Other Communication Disorders Act of 1988 established
that institute at NIH and renamed NINCDS the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
The legislation included a program, a data system
and information clearinghouse, centers, and an
advisory board, as well as a Deafness and Other
Communication Disorders Interagency Coordinating
Committee, to be chaired by the director of NIH
or designee. (P.L.
100-553.)
November
4, 1988 — Title I of the Health Omnibus
Programs Extension of 1988 (HOPE), the National
Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders and Health Research Extension Act of
1988, established the NIDCD and reauthorized expiring
programs of NIH for 2 years. Since the new institute
had already been established by P.L.
100-553, the provision in this bill is not
valid. (P.L.
100-607)
A National
Center for Biotechnology Information was established
in the National Library of Medicine; the provision
for VA pay for nurses and allied health professionals
was reiterated; NCI, NHLBI, and NRSA programs
were reauthorized; responsibility for the primary
care training program was shifted to HRSA; the
Interagency Technical Committee was abolished;
the Alzheimer's disease provisions of P.L. 99-660
were shifted to the NIA section of the PHS act;
the moratorium on fetal research was extended
through November 4, 1990; funds were appropriated
for the Biomedical Ethics Advisory Board and a
report specified; the secretary was directed to
consult with the director, NIH, on establishment
of a National Commission on Sleep Disorders, which
would include among the ex officio members the
directors of NINCDS, NHLBI, NIMH, NIA, and NICHD,
with a report and a plan required. Finally, the
bill extended confidentiality provisions to subjects
of all biomedical, behavioral, clinical, or other
research, including research on mental health.
Title II,
"Programs with Respect to Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome," laid the foundation for a Federal policy
on AIDS. In addition to provisions for AIDS research,
the bill included provisions for information dissemination,
education, prevention, anonymous testing, and
establishment of a National Commission on AIDS.
The review process for AIDS-related grants was
expedited, provision was made for priority requests
for personnel and administrative support, a clinical
research review committee was established within
NIAID, the AIDS outpatient capacity at the Clinical
Center was doubled, community-based clinical trials
were mandated, awards for international clinical
research were authorized, research centers were
supported, and information services were expanded.
An Office of AIDS Research was established within
OD. Title VI, the Health Professions Reauthorization
Act of 1988, established a loan repayment program
for scientists who agree to conduct AIDS research
while employed at NIH. (P.L.
100-607.)
November
21, 1989 — Departments of Labor, Health
and Human Services, and Education, and Related
Agencies Appropriations Act, 1990, provided for
the purchase of an advanced design supercomputer
and named four NIH buildings for members of Congress.
(P.
L. 101-166)
November
29, 1989 — An act to provide for the
construction of biomedical facilities in order
to ensure a continued supply of specialized strains
of mice essential to biomedical research in the
United States, and for other purposes, provided
authority to make construction grants for this
purpose. (P.L.
101-190)
1990
August
18, 1990 — Ryan White Comprehensive
AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990, authorized
NIH to make demonstration grants to community
health centers and other entities providing primary
health care and servicing a significant number
of pediatric patients and pregnant women with
HIV disease. Awardees were to provide clinical
data to NIH for evaluation. (P.L.
101-381)
November
5, 1990 — Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980 (under which NIEHS operates some programs)
and called on the secretary, with NCI, to review
periodically the appropriate frequency for performing
screening mammography.
Treasury,
Postal Service and General Government Appropriations
Act, 1991, established the PHS senior biomedical
research service. (P.L.
101-509)
Departments
of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education,
and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1991,
provided for the first time, a 1 percent NIH director's
transfer authority for high-priority activities
and capped the NIH contribution for salaries for
individuals receiving extramural funding. (P.L.
101-517)
November
15, 1990 — Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990, required NIEHS to conduct a study of
mercury exposure; to be available, with NCI, for
membership on a panel for the Mickey Leland Urban
Air Toxics Research Center and an inter-agency
task force on air pollution; and authorized an
NIEHS program of basic research on human health
risks from air pollutants. (P.L.
101-549)
Home Health
Care and Alzheimer's Disease Amendments of 1990,
broadened the authority for Alzheimer's disease
research centers and authorized Claude D. Pepper
Older Americans Independence Centers grants. (P.L.
101-557)
November
16, 1990 — The NIH Amendments of 1990,
had two purposes: it authorized a nonprofit organization
the National Foundation for Biomedical Research
(membership amended by P.L.
102-170) and created NICHD's National Center
for Medical Rehabilitation Research. (P.L.
101-613)
Hazardous
Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of
1990, authorized NIEHS to provide grants for the
training and education of workers who are or may
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